When do nonequilibrium forms of disordered energy qualify as heat? We address this question in the context of cyclically operating heat engines feeding on nonequilibrium energy reservoirs that defy the zeroth law of thermodynamics into work.To consistently address a nonequilibrium bath as a heat bath in the sense of the second law Posts of thermody
We examine the past and current work on the star formation (SF) histories of dwarf galaxies in cosmological hydrodynamic simulations.The results obtained from different numerical methods Diffusers are still somewhat mixed, but the differences are understandable if we consider the numerical and resolution effects.It remains a challenge to simulate t
Protein sequences encompass tertiary structures and contain information about specific molecular interactions, which in turn determine biological functions of proteins.Knowledge about how protein sequences define interaction specificity is largely missing, in particular for paralogous protein families with high sequence similarity, such as the plan
We propose Fourier microscopy based on single-pixel imaging, which uses structured light to computationally illuminate Close Contact Conventional Harness a sample and uses a two-dimensional (2D) pixelated detector to capture the Fourier spectrum image in the back focal plane of the objective.The Fourier spectra collected by different pixels of the